Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

Crossroads of America

  • 1 Crossroads of America

    • Crossroads of America, the
    1. «перекрёсток Америки», официальное прозвище штата Индиана

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Crossroads of America

  • 2 Crossroads of America

    "Перекресток Америки"
    Официальный девиз [ state motto] штата Индиана

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Crossroads of America

  • 3 Crossroads of America

    амер. Перекрёсток Америки ( прозвище штата Индиана)

    Difficulties of the English language (lexical reference) English-Russian dictionary > Crossroads of America

  • 4 Indiana

    [ɪndɪˊænǝ] Индиана, штат на Среднем Западе США <букв. страна индейцев>. Сокращение: IN. Прозвища: «штат мужланов» [*Hoosier State], «перекрёсток Америки» [*Crossroads of America], «штат ивняка» [*Hoop-Pole State]. Житель штата: индианец [Indianan]. Столица: г. Индианаполис [*Indianapolis]. Девиз: «Перекрёсток Америки» [*‘Crossroads of America']. Песня: «На берегах Уобаша, там вдали» [*‘On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away']. Цветок: пион [peony]. Дерево: тюльпанное дерево [tulip tree]. Птица: кардинал [cardinal]. Площадь: 93491 кв. км (36,185 sq. mi.) (38- е место). Население (1992): св. 5,5 млн. (14- е место). Крупнейшие города: Индианаполис [*Indianapolis], Форт- Уэйн [Fort Wayne], Гэри [Gary], Эвансвилл [Evansville], Саут- Бенд [South Bend], Хаммонд [Hammond]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: обрабатывающая промышленность, услуги, оптовая и розничная торговля, сельское хозяйство, обслуживание государственных объектов, транспорт, коммунальное обслуживание. Основная продукция: металл и металлоизделия, транспортное оборудование, автомобили и автодетали, продукция машиностроения, продукция химической и фармацевтической промышленности, мебель. Сельское хозяйство. Основная продукция: кукуруза, сорго, овёс, пшеница, рожь, соя-бобы, сено. Животноводство (1987): скота — 1,2 млн.; свиней — 4,4 млн.; овец — 82,5 тыс.; кур и цыплят — 28 млн. Лесное хозяйство: дуб, тюльпанное дерево, бук, платан. Полезные ископаемые: уголь, нефть, природный газ, известняк, песок и гравий. Рыболовство (1992): на 2,55 млн. долл. История. Первыми людьми, живущими здесь примерно 1000 лет назад, были строители курганов [Mound Builders]. Первая французская фактория появилась в 1731—32 гг. в районе Венсенна [Vincennes]. Ла Саль [*La Salle] посещал район, называемый сейчас Южной Излучиной [South Bend] в 1679 и 1681 гг. Франция уступила этот район Англии в 1763. Во время Войны за независимость американский ген. Джордж Кларк [Clark, George] захватил Венсенн (1778) и разгромил английские войска в 1779. В конце войны Англия уступила эту территорию США. Индейцы майя дважды наносили поражение американским войскам в 1790, но в 1794 в районе Упавших Деревьев [Fallen Timbers] были разгромлены ген. Энтони Уэйном [Wayne, Anthony]. В 1811 в районе Типпеканое [Tippecanoe] ген. Уильям Харрисон [*Harrison, William H.] разгромил союз индейских племён, возглавляемых Текумсе. Достопримечательности: Национальный мемориал, посвящённый детским годам А. Линкольна [Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial]; Национальный парк-мемориал Джорджа Р. Кларка [George Rogers Clark National Historical Park]; пещера Уайендотт [Wyandotte Cave]; песчаные дюны вдоль побережья оз. Мичиган [Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore]; Национальный лес Хужер [Hoosier Nat'l Forest]; дом Бенджамина Харрисона [Benjamin Harrison Home]; Зал баскетбольной славы [Basketball Hall of Fame] в Нью-Хармони; автотрек «500» с музеем в Индианаполисе. Знаменитые индианцы: Бёрд, Лэрри [*Bird, Larry], баскетболист; Бёрнсайд, Эмброуз [*Burnside, Ambrose], генерал; Кармайкл, Хоаги [*Carmichael, Hoagland Howard (‘Hoagy’)], композитор; Дин, Джеймс [*Dean, James], киноактёр; Дебс, Юджин [*Debs, Eugene V.], профсоюзный деятель; Драйзер, Теодор [*Dreiser, Theodore], писатель; Дрессер, Пол [*Dresser, Paul], композитор; Портер, Коул [*Porter, Cole], композитор; Пайл, Эрни [*Pyle, Ernest Taylor (‘Ernie’)], журналист; Таркингтон, Бот [*Tarkington, Booth], писатель; Уилки, Уэнделл [*Wilkie, Wendel L.], политический деятель; Райт, Уилбур [*Wright, Wilbur], авиаконструктор, изобретатель аэроплана. Ассоциации: «штат-мужлан» со сталеплавильными заводами в Гэри; тяжёлый труд; воспринимается как младший брат штата Иллинойс ( хотя между этими штатами отношения далеко не тёплые); Индианаполис — место проведения ежегодных автомобильных гонок [*Indy-500]; штаб- квартира Американского легиона и Ку- клукс- клана; г. Гэри, первый крупный город США, избравший мэром негра

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Indiana

  • 5 CAC

    1) Общая лексика: Collective action clause
    2) Военный термин: Central Advisory Council, Civil Administration Committee, Civil Affairs Command, Common Access Card, Continental Air Command, Continental Army Command, U.S. Army Combined Arms Command, chief artillery controller, civic action center, clear all channels, combat air command, combat aircrew, combined action company, combined arms center, command analysis center, command and control, computer-aided classification, constant alert cycle, contract administration control, contract award committee, control and analysis center, control and coordination, cooperation and coordination, current action center, Combined Arms Center (formerly Combined Arms Command), command aviation company
    5) Страхование: Cost and charges
    6) Металлургия: carbon-arc cutting
    7) Сокращение: Canadian Armoured Corps, Capital Area Conference, Central Advisory Committee, Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corp. (China), City Administration Center, Coast Artillery Corps, Coastal Artillery Computer, Combat Air Crew, Combat Assessment Capability, Combined Arms Center (USA), Consumer Advisory Council, Consumer Affairs Council, Consumer Association of Canada, Control & Analysis Center (USA), Corrective Action Code (address list, 2006, works with CARL), County Administration Centre, Custom Armoring Corp. (USA), Chroma Amplitude Corrector, Codex Alimentarius Commission, CECOM (Army Communications and Electronics Command) Acquisition Center (US Army), CableAmerica Corporation, Cache File, Cadet Advisory Council, Cairo American College (Egypt), Calculated Age at Commencement (UK criminal system; mainly prison & probation services), California Acupuncture College, California Administrative Code, California Apple Commission, California Asparagus Commission, California Association of Criminalists, California Avocado Commission, Call Access Control, Call Admission Control, Calling All Cars (Playstation 3 game), Calling-Card Authorization Center, Calling-card Authorization Computer (Sprint), Callingcard Authorization Center, Campaign Against Censorship, Canadian Advisory Committee, Canadian Airports Council, Canadian Association for Conservation, Canadian Aviation Corps (World War I), Capital Allocation Committee, Capital Athletic Conference, Carbohydrate Awareness Council, Cardiac Accelerator Center, Cardioacceleratory Center, Career Assistance Counseling, Caribbean Air Command, Carrier Access Charge, Carrier Access Code, Carrier Access Corporation (Boulder, CO, USA), Carrier Advisory Committee, Carrier Air Patrol, Casualty Area Command, Casualty Area Commander, Catawba Animal Clinic (Rock Hill, South Carolina), Catchment Area Council, Categorical Assistance Code, Categorization & Custody, Cauliflower Alley Club, Ceiling Attenuation Class, Cement Association of Canada, Center for Advanced Communications (Villanova University), Central Accessory Compartment, Central Air Command (Pakistan Air Force), Central Air Conditioner (real estate), Central Alarm Cabinet, Central American and Caribbean, Central Arizona College, Central de Atendimento a Clientes, Centre Alge'rien de la Cine'matographie (Algeria), Centre d'Action Culturelle (French), Certificat d'Aptitute Au Championat (FCI dog show reserve champion), Certificat d'Aptitute au Championnat (European dog shows), Certified Addictions Counselor, Certified Annuity Consultant, Change Area Coordinator (Sprint), Change to Approach Control, Channel Access Code, Charged Air Cooler (turbochargers), Cheese and Crackers, Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry (conference), Chengdu Aircraft Company (China), Chicago Artists' Coalition, Child Activity Center, Child Advocacy Center, Chinese Alliance Church, Chinese Annual Conference (of the Methodist Church in Singapore), Christ Apostolic Church, Circuit Access Code, Circuit Administration Center, Citizens Action Coalition, Citizens Advisory Council, Citizens' Advisory Committee, Civil Affairs Coordinator, Civil Applications Committee, Civilian Advisory Conference, Clean Air Council, Clear Acquisition Code (GPS), Clear All Corridors (hospital), Client Acceptance Committee, Climate Analysis Center, Clinical Advisory Committee, Closed Air Circuit, Clostridium Acetobutylicum, Coaching Association of Canada, Coal Association of Canada, Coalition for America's Children, Coastal Assistant Controller, Cognitive-Affective-Conative, Collection Accounting Classification, Collection Advisory Center, Color Access Control, Combat Analysis Capability, Combined Arms Center (Ft Leavenworth, Kansas), Combined Arms Center/Command, Command & Control, Commander's Access Channel, Commandos d'Action Cubains (French), Commissaire Aux Comptes (French, financial), Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, Common Access Card (smart card technology used in DoD), Common And COTS, Common Avionics Computer, Communication Aid Centre (UK), Communication Architecture for Clusters, Community Action Council, Community Activities Center, Community Activity Center, Community Affairs Committee, Community Affairs Council, Community Agriculture Centre, Community Alliance Church, Community Amenity Contribution (Canada), Commuting Area Candidate, Compandored Analog Carrier, Competition Appeal Court, Complaints Advisory Committee, Complex Advisory Council, Compound Access Control, Compressed Aeronautical Chart, Compressor After Cooler, Computer Access Center, Computer Aided Crime, Computer Asset Controller, Computer-Aided Construction, Computer-Aided Cost/Classification, Computer-Assisted Cartography, Computing Accreditation Commission (ABET), Concord Automation and Controls, Conditional Acceptance Certificate, Conformity Assessment Certificate, Connection Acceptance Control, Connection Admission Control (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), Connection Asset Customer, Connection Assurance Check, Conseil des Ae'roports du Canada (Canadian Airports Council), Conservatief Accoord, Console Alarm Card, Consulting and Audit Canada, Consumer Affairs Commission (Jamaica), Consumers Association of Canada, Contact Agility Club, Contact Approach Control, Context-Aware Computing, Continuity Army Council (IRA), Contract Audit Coordinator (DCAA), Contract Awards Committee, Contractor's Approach to CALS, Control Analysis Center, Coomera Anglican College (Gold Coast, Australia), Cooper Aerobics Center, Coronary Artery Calcium, Corporate Affairs Commission (Nigeria), Corps Aviation Company, Cost Account Code, Cost At Completion, Cotation Assiste'e En Continu (French: Continuous-Time Computer-Assisted Quotation System), Cotation Assistee En Continue (French Stock Exchange Index), Counselors Advisory Committee (B'ham Al Crisis Center), Cow Appreciation Campaign, Create A Card (online gaming), Creative Arts Center (West Virginia University), Credentialed Addictions Counselor, Credit Association of Canada, Crew Available Cycle, Crimes Against Children, Crisis Action Cell, Crisis Action Center, Criteria Air Containment, Crossroads of America Council (Boy Scout council comprising most of Indiana, USA), Cumulative Average Cost, Cumulative Average Curve, Custom Arms Company, Inc., Customer Administration Center, Customer Advisory Council, Customer Assistance Center, Cyclists Advisory Committee (Alberta, Canada), current actions center (US DoD), charge air coder
    8) Университет: Campus Advisory Council, College And Career
    12) Банковское дело: поправочный валютный коэффициент (сокр. от currency adjustment charge)
    13) Воздухоплавание: Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (Aust.)
    17) Деловая лексика: Compagnie des Agents de Change
    18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Central Asia - Center
    19) Океанография: Computer Advisory Committee
    20) Общая лексика: charge air cooler
    21) Расширение файла: dBASE IV executable when caching on/ off
    22) Нефть и газ: pipeline "Central Asia-Centre", трубопровод «Центральная Азия – Центр», pipeline ‘Central Asia – Centre’
    23) Военно-политический термин: Combined Arms Command
    25) Собаководство: CAC
    27) Должность: Certified Addiction Counselor
    28) AMEX. Camden National Corporation
    29) Международные перевозки: currency adjustment charge

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CAC

  • 6 cac

    1) Общая лексика: Collective action clause
    2) Военный термин: Central Advisory Council, Civil Administration Committee, Civil Affairs Command, Common Access Card, Continental Air Command, Continental Army Command, U.S. Army Combined Arms Command, chief artillery controller, civic action center, clear all channels, combat air command, combat aircrew, combined action company, combined arms center, command analysis center, command and control, computer-aided classification, constant alert cycle, contract administration control, contract award committee, control and analysis center, control and coordination, cooperation and coordination, current action center, Combined Arms Center (formerly Combined Arms Command), command aviation company
    5) Страхование: Cost and charges
    6) Металлургия: carbon-arc cutting
    7) Сокращение: Canadian Armoured Corps, Capital Area Conference, Central Advisory Committee, Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corp. (China), City Administration Center, Coast Artillery Corps, Coastal Artillery Computer, Combat Air Crew, Combat Assessment Capability, Combined Arms Center (USA), Consumer Advisory Council, Consumer Affairs Council, Consumer Association of Canada, Control & Analysis Center (USA), Corrective Action Code (address list, 2006, works with CARL), County Administration Centre, Custom Armoring Corp. (USA), Chroma Amplitude Corrector, Codex Alimentarius Commission, CECOM (Army Communications and Electronics Command) Acquisition Center (US Army), CableAmerica Corporation, Cache File, Cadet Advisory Council, Cairo American College (Egypt), Calculated Age at Commencement (UK criminal system; mainly prison & probation services), California Acupuncture College, California Administrative Code, California Apple Commission, California Asparagus Commission, California Association of Criminalists, California Avocado Commission, Call Access Control, Call Admission Control, Calling All Cars (Playstation 3 game), Calling-Card Authorization Center, Calling-card Authorization Computer (Sprint), Callingcard Authorization Center, Campaign Against Censorship, Canadian Advisory Committee, Canadian Airports Council, Canadian Association for Conservation, Canadian Aviation Corps (World War I), Capital Allocation Committee, Capital Athletic Conference, Carbohydrate Awareness Council, Cardiac Accelerator Center, Cardioacceleratory Center, Career Assistance Counseling, Caribbean Air Command, Carrier Access Charge, Carrier Access Code, Carrier Access Corporation (Boulder, CO, USA), Carrier Advisory Committee, Carrier Air Patrol, Casualty Area Command, Casualty Area Commander, Catawba Animal Clinic (Rock Hill, South Carolina), Catchment Area Council, Categorical Assistance Code, Categorization & Custody, Cauliflower Alley Club, Ceiling Attenuation Class, Cement Association of Canada, Center for Advanced Communications (Villanova University), Central Accessory Compartment, Central Air Command (Pakistan Air Force), Central Air Conditioner (real estate), Central Alarm Cabinet, Central American and Caribbean, Central Arizona College, Central de Atendimento a Clientes, Centre Alge'rien de la Cine'matographie (Algeria), Centre d'Action Culturelle (French), Certificat d'Aptitute Au Championat (FCI dog show reserve champion), Certificat d'Aptitute au Championnat (European dog shows), Certified Addictions Counselor, Certified Annuity Consultant, Change Area Coordinator (Sprint), Change to Approach Control, Channel Access Code, Charged Air Cooler (turbochargers), Cheese and Crackers, Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry (conference), Chengdu Aircraft Company (China), Chicago Artists' Coalition, Child Activity Center, Child Advocacy Center, Chinese Alliance Church, Chinese Annual Conference (of the Methodist Church in Singapore), Christ Apostolic Church, Circuit Access Code, Circuit Administration Center, Citizens Action Coalition, Citizens Advisory Council, Citizens' Advisory Committee, Civil Affairs Coordinator, Civil Applications Committee, Civilian Advisory Conference, Clean Air Council, Clear Acquisition Code (GPS), Clear All Corridors (hospital), Client Acceptance Committee, Climate Analysis Center, Clinical Advisory Committee, Closed Air Circuit, Clostridium Acetobutylicum, Coaching Association of Canada, Coal Association of Canada, Coalition for America's Children, Coastal Assistant Controller, Cognitive-Affective-Conative, Collection Accounting Classification, Collection Advisory Center, Color Access Control, Combat Analysis Capability, Combined Arms Center (Ft Leavenworth, Kansas), Combined Arms Center/Command, Command & Control, Commander's Access Channel, Commandos d'Action Cubains (French), Commissaire Aux Comptes (French, financial), Commission on Accreditation for Corrections, Common Access Card (smart card technology used in DoD), Common And COTS, Common Avionics Computer, Communication Aid Centre (UK), Communication Architecture for Clusters, Community Action Council, Community Activities Center, Community Activity Center, Community Affairs Committee, Community Affairs Council, Community Agriculture Centre, Community Alliance Church, Community Amenity Contribution (Canada), Commuting Area Candidate, Compandored Analog Carrier, Competition Appeal Court, Complaints Advisory Committee, Complex Advisory Council, Compound Access Control, Compressed Aeronautical Chart, Compressor After Cooler, Computer Access Center, Computer Aided Crime, Computer Asset Controller, Computer-Aided Construction, Computer-Aided Cost/Classification, Computer-Assisted Cartography, Computing Accreditation Commission (ABET), Concord Automation and Controls, Conditional Acceptance Certificate, Conformity Assessment Certificate, Connection Acceptance Control, Connection Admission Control (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), Connection Asset Customer, Connection Assurance Check, Conseil des Ae'roports du Canada (Canadian Airports Council), Conservatief Accoord, Console Alarm Card, Consulting and Audit Canada, Consumer Affairs Commission (Jamaica), Consumers Association of Canada, Contact Agility Club, Contact Approach Control, Context-Aware Computing, Continuity Army Council (IRA), Contract Audit Coordinator (DCAA), Contract Awards Committee, Contractor's Approach to CALS, Control Analysis Center, Coomera Anglican College (Gold Coast, Australia), Cooper Aerobics Center, Coronary Artery Calcium, Corporate Affairs Commission (Nigeria), Corps Aviation Company, Cost Account Code, Cost At Completion, Cotation Assiste'e En Continu (French: Continuous-Time Computer-Assisted Quotation System), Cotation Assistee En Continue (French Stock Exchange Index), Counselors Advisory Committee (B'ham Al Crisis Center), Cow Appreciation Campaign, Create A Card (online gaming), Creative Arts Center (West Virginia University), Credentialed Addictions Counselor, Credit Association of Canada, Crew Available Cycle, Crimes Against Children, Crisis Action Cell, Crisis Action Center, Criteria Air Containment, Crossroads of America Council (Boy Scout council comprising most of Indiana, USA), Cumulative Average Cost, Cumulative Average Curve, Custom Arms Company, Inc., Customer Administration Center, Customer Advisory Council, Customer Assistance Center, Cyclists Advisory Committee (Alberta, Canada), current actions center (US DoD), charge air coder
    8) Университет: Campus Advisory Council, College And Career
    12) Банковское дело: поправочный валютный коэффициент (сокр. от currency adjustment charge)
    13) Воздухоплавание: Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (Aust.)
    17) Деловая лексика: Compagnie des Agents de Change
    18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Central Asia - Center
    19) Океанография: Computer Advisory Committee
    20) Общая лексика: charge air cooler
    21) Расширение файла: dBASE IV executable when caching on/ off
    22) Нефть и газ: pipeline "Central Asia-Centre", трубопровод «Центральная Азия – Центр», pipeline ‘Central Asia – Centre’
    23) Военно-политический термин: Combined Arms Command
    25) Собаководство: CAC
    27) Должность: Certified Addiction Counselor
    28) AMEX. Camden National Corporation
    29) Международные перевозки: currency adjustment charge

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cac

  • 7 Indiana

    Штат Среднего Запада [ Midwest], в группе штатов Северо-Восточного Центра [ East North Central States]. Площадь - 94,3 тыс. кв. км. Население - 6 млн. человек (2000). Столица и крупнейший город - Индианаполис [ Indianapolis]. Крупные города - Форт-Уэйн [ Fort Wayne], Эвансвилл [ Evansville], Гэри [ Gary], Саут-Бенд [ South Bend], Хаммонд [ Hammond]. Граничит на западе со штатом Иллинойс [ Illinois], на севере - со штатом Мичиган [ Michigan] и имеет выход к озеру Мичиган [ Michigan, Lake], на востоке граничит со штатом Огайо [ Ohio]. Южная граница со штатом Кентукки [ Kentucky] идет вдоль р. Огайо [ Ohio River]. Территория Индианы делится на северный озерный регион, центральные равнины и холмистые предгорья плато Камберленд [ Cumberland Plateau] на юге. Основные реки - Огайо и Уобаш [ Wabash River]. Умеренный континентальный климат с жарким влажным летом и холодной зимой. Археологи нашли на территории штата свидетельства развитой культуры "строителей курганов" [ Mound Builders]. Здесь было место обитания племен майами [ Miami], потаватоми [ Potawatomi], делаваров [ Delaware] и кикапу [ Kickapoo]. Первым европейцем, исследовавшим эти места в 1679, был Р. Ласалль [ La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de]. В 1725 французские иезуиты основали здесь первое постоянное поселение Винсенс [ Vincennes]. Освоение колонистами новых земель сопровождалось стычками с индейцами, но в 1818 большая часть Индианы была открыта для белых поселенцев и стала одним из центров колониальной торговли. Англичане контролировали Винсенс с 1763 до 1779, когда их вытеснили отряды милиции под командованием Дж. Р. Кларка [ Clark, George Rogers]. В 1800 была создана Территория Индиана [Indiana Territory], включавшая земли современных штатов Индиана, Иллинойс и Висконсин, а также части Мичигана и Миннесоты. Ее губернатором стал У. Г. Гаррисон [ Harrison, William Henry]. Сражение на реке Типпекану [ Tippecanoe, Battle of] (1811) окончательно лишило индейцев их земель. Индиана была принята в Союз в 1816, став вторым штатом, созданным на Северо-Западной территории [ Northwest Territory]. Первая конституция [ state constitution] была принята в 1816, ныне действующая - в 1851. Столицей штата стал г. Коридон [Corydon], в 1825 она была перенесена в Индианаполис. Первая железная дорога была построена в 1834 и наряду с Национальной дорогой [ National Road] в значительной мере способствовала развитию штата. Штат не принимал значительного участия в Гражданской войне [ Civil War], но поддерживал Союз [ Union]. После войны получили развитие сельское и лесное хозяйство и добыча полезных ископаемых. Иммиграция из Европы обеспечила приток квалифицированных рабочих в экономику штата, способствовала развитию многоотраслевой экономики. Штат входит в десятку ведущих штатов по добыче угля, добываются также нефть, природный газ и известняк [ Indiana limestone]. Индиана, расположенная между крупными мегаполисами в соседних штатах (Детройт, Толидо и др.) и имеющая порты на Великих озерах [ Great Lakes] и р. Огайо и развитую транспортную систему, является крупным рынком общенационального значения. В сельском хозяйстве основные культуры - кукуруза и соя, развито свиноводство и мясное животноводство; более 70 процентов территории штата занято под сельское хозяйство. Основной район тяжелой промышленности - Калумет [ Calumet]; производятся запчасти к автомобилям, алюминий, химикаты, лекарства, мебель, музыкальные инструменты.
    см тж Hoosier State, cardinal bird, Peony, tulip poplar, Crossroads of America, "On the Banks of the Wabash Far Away"

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Indiana

  • 8 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 9 Chicago

    [ʃi:ˊkɑ:gǝu] г. Чикаго, 3- й по величине ( после Нью-Йорка и Лос-Анджелеса) город США, с населением ок. 8 млн. Прозвища: «мировой центр свинобоен» [*‘Hog Butcher of the World'], «город ветров» [*Windy City], «перекрёсток континента» [*Crossroads of the Continent], «город у озера» [*Lake City], «мировой центр съездов и конференций» [*World’s Leading Convention City]. Житель: чикагец [Chicagoan]. Ассоциации: огромный город тружеников, по выражению Карла Сэндберга «город с широкими плечами» [‘City of broad shoulders']; город небоскрёбов, впервые возникших здесь после знаменитого чикагского пожара 1871 [Chicago fire]; здесь находится самый высокий небоскрёб Сирс- Тауэр [Sears Tower]; постоянный соперник Нью-Йорка; город различных этнических групп; первый из крупнейших городов, избравший на выборах 1983 мэра-негра; чикагские гангстеры 1920—30-х гг., и среди них знаменитый Ал Капоне [*Capone, Al]; город, где в 1942 была впервые получена цепная ядерная реакция; знаменитая «Петля» [Loop] — деловой центр Чикаго и Мичиган- авеню [Michigan Avenue] с небоскрёбами, отражающимися в зеркале озера Мичиган, и др. Река: Чикаго- Ривер [*Chicago River]. Районы, улицы, площади: «Петля» [*Loop], «Миля великолепия» [*‘Magnificent Mile'], Мичиган- авеню [*Michigan Avenue], Старый город [*Old Town], «Золотой берег» [*Gold Coast], Бэдлендс [*Badlands III], Мидуэй [*Midway I], Стейт- стрит [*State Street]. Комплексы, здания: Чикагская торговая палата [*(Chicago) Board of Trade], Муниципальный центр [*Civic Center], зал «Аудитория» [*Auditorium], здание компании «Сирс и Робак» [*Sears, Roebuck], небоскрёб «Марина-Сити» [*Marina City], «Хэнкок-Центр» [*John Hancock Center], «Большой Джон» [‘Big John'], здание компании «Стандард ойл» [*Standard Oil building], Пруденшл- билдинг [*Prudential Building]. Музеи, памятные места, экскурсионные маршруты: Водонапорная башня [*Water Tower], Арчи- Центр [*Archie Center], Музей науки и промышленности [*Museum of Science and Industry], Музей естественной истории им. Филда [*Field Museum of Natural History], полицейский департамент Чикаго [*Chicago Police Department]. Худ. музеи, выставки: Чикагский художественный институт [*Art Institute (of Chicago)]. Культурные центры, театры: «Шуберт» [*Shubert], «Студебекер» [*Studebaker II], «Сивик» [*Civic], «Гудман мемориал» [*Goodman Memorial], «Блэкстон-театр» [*Blackstone Theater], «Друри- Лейн Уотер- Тауэр-плейс» [*Drury Lane Water Tower Place], Театр «Аудитория» [*Auditorium Theater], Театральный центр «Аполло» [*Apollo Theater Center], Чикагский симфонический оркестр [*Chicago Symphony Orchestra], Чикагская лирическая опера [*Lyric Opera of Chicago]. Учебные заведения: Чикагский университет [*University of Chicago]. Периодические издания: «Сан таймс» [*‘Sun Times'], «Трибюн» [*‘Tribune, The’ I], «Ридер» [*‘Reader'], «Чикаго» [*‘Chicago’ II]. Парки, зоопарки, аквариумы, планетарии: планетарий Адлера [Adler Planetarium], аквариум Шедда [Shedd Aquarium], парк Линкольна [Lincoln Park], нетронутый уголок природы Гарфилд- Парк [Garfield Park Conservatory], Брукфилдский зоопарк [Brookfield Zoo], парк аттракционов Мариотта [Mariott's Great America]. Спорт: Чикагский стадион [*Chicago Stadium]; скачки «Арлингтонский миллион» [*Arlington Million]; спортивные команды: бейсбольные «Белые носки» [*‘White Sox'] и «Щенята» [*‘Cubs'], футбольные «Медведи» [*‘Bears'] и «Блиц» [*‘Blitz'], баскетбольная «Быки» [*‘Bulls'], хоккейная «Чёрные ястребы» [*‘Black Hawks']. Магазины, рынки: универмаг «Маршалл Филдс» [*Marshall Fields]. Отели: «Ритц-Карлтон» [*‘Ritz-Carlton'], «Хайят- Ридженси-Чикаго» [*‘Hyatt Regency Chicago'], «Палмер-Хаус» [*‘Palmer House'], «Шерман-Хаус» [*‘Sherman House'], «Пик-Конгресс» [*‘Pick Congress']. Рестораны: «Таверна у боен» [*‘Stock Yard Inn'], «Ле Перрокет» [Le Perroquet]. Транспорт: Международный аэропорт О' Хейр [*O'Hare International Airport], аэропорт Мидуэй [*Midway Airport], единая система внутригородского транспорта [Chicago Transit Authority]. Достопримечательности: жилой городок компании Пульман [*Pulman Community], массив Дубовый Парк [*Oak Park], пригороды Северного Берега [*North Shore suburbs]. Фестивали: «Равиниа фестивал» [*Ravinia Festival] в Хайлендском парке, скачки «Арлингтонский миллион» [*Arlington Million], выставка-продажа картин в Старом городе, Открытый чемпионат по гольфу [Western Open Golf Tournament] II • ‘Chicago’ «Чикаго», ежемесячный журнал. Издаётся в Чикаго ( штат Иллинойс) III • ‘Chicago’ «Чикаго», стихотворение Карла Сэндберга [*Sandburg, Carl] (1914) IV • ‘Chicago’ «Чикаго», бродвейский мюзикл

    США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Chicago

  • 10 Singular

    ↑ Number
    В английском языке в единственном числе существительное не имеет никаких специальных показателей.
    1) Некоторые существительные, формально имеющие форму множественного числа, могут обозначать единичный или неисчисляемый объект, и в этом случае согласуются с глаголом и другими зависимыми словами в единственном числе. К таким словам относятся:
    а) barracks, crossroads, headquarters, means, news, oats, series, species, works

    I had never seen one like it before, the species was new to me. — Я никогда не видел подобного существа, этот вид был для меня новым.

    An empty wooden barracks was converted into an exhibition hall. — Пустой деревянный барак переделали в выставочный зал.

    The two barracks house about 1,000 regulars. — В этих двух бараках расквартировано около тысячи солдат регулярной армии.

    Bad news has arrived in the mail. — Одно из писем принесло дурную весть.

    б) слова, оканчивающиеся на - ics, например mathematics, politics

    Gymnastics is my favourite sport. — Гимнастика - это мой любимый вид спорта.

    в) названия некоторых игр: billiards, darts, dominoes.
    г) названия некоторых заболеваний: measles, mumps, shingles.
    2) В большинстве случаев, названия государств и организаций, представляющие собой формы множественного числа, согласуются с глаголами и другими зависимыми словами в единственном числе:

    The United States is anxious to improve its image in Latin America. — Соединенные Штаты стремятся улучшить свой имидж в Латинской Америке.

    The Netherlands is a member of the European Union. — Нидерланды - член Европейского Союза.

    3) В британском варианте английского языка собирательные существительные, т.е. слова, обозначающие группу лиц, множество предметов и т.п. (например: family, team, government, variety, number и т.д.), могут согласоваться с глаголом и другими зависимыми словами как в единственном, так и во множественном числе. Существительное police согласуется со сказуемым и зависимыми словами во множественном числе.

    The police have dropped charges against them. — Полиция сняла с них обвинения.

    The government want / wants to raise taxes. — Правительство хочет поднять налоги.

    Our team is playing well right now. — Наша команда сейчас играет хорошо.

    There are already in Boston a certain number of persons who, having no occupation, seek out the pleasures of the spirit. — В Бостоне уже появилось некоторое количество людей, которые, будучи ничем не заняты, ищут интеллектуальных развлечений.

    4) Выражения со словами every, each согласуются с глаголом по единственному числу. С none допустимо сказуемое как в единственном, так и множественном числе.

    He says that (each and) every one of these painings is a fake. — Он говорит, что все эти картины — подделки.

    Each of these exercises takes a few minutes to do. — На выполнение каждого из этих упражнений нужно потратить несколько минут.

    None of my children has/have blonde hair. — У всех моих детей тёмные волосы.

    5) Словосочетания, обозначающие сумму денег, период времени, расстояние, количество и т.п., согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе.

    Ten thousand pounds is needed to restore the building, but so far only two thousand pounds has been raised. — Для восстановления здания нужно 10 тыс. фунтов стерлингов, но пока удалось собрать только две тысячи.

    Nine years is a long time. — Девять лет - это долго.

    Ten miles is a long way to walk. — Десять миль пешком - неблизкий путь.

    Roughly 35,000 metric tons is believed to remain on the ship. — Полагают, что на борту корабля остаётся около 35000 тон (нефти).

    •

    — Образование и употребление множественного числа см. Plural

    — Неисчисляемые и исчисляемые существительные см. Countable and uncountable nouns

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > Singular

См. также в других словарях:

  • Crossroads of America — The Crossroads of America is a nickname given to the state of Indiana as it, and, more specifically, the city of Indianapolis is the hub for several major Interstate highways that criss cross the state, connecting Hoosiers to the rest of the… …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads — Crossroads, or crossroad, or cross road may refer to: Intersection (road), a road junction where two or more roads meet Contents 1 Music 2 TV, radio and film …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Crossroads Título Crossroads Ficha técnica Dirección Tamra Davis Dirección artística Barry Kingston Producción Meredith Fox M …   Wikipedia Español

  • Crossroads Television System — Type Broadcast television system Country …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads (2002 film) — Crossroads Theatrical release poster Directed by Tamra Davis Produced by Dav …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads (Tracy Chapman album) — Crossroads Studio album by Tracy Chapman Released October 3, 1989 …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads Theatre — is a prize winning theatre located in New Brunswick, New Jersey and founded in 1978. It is the winner of the 1999 Regional Theatre Tony Award.[1] Contents 1 Mission 2 History 3 Legacy …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads Mall (Omaha) — Crossroads Mall Omaha The north wing of Crossroads Mall completed in 1988, now mostly vacant Location Omaha, Nebraska, United States Coordinates …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads Mall — may refer to: In United States of America: Crossroads Center, a shopping mall in St. Cloud, Minnesota Crossroads Center (Waterloo, IA), a shopping mall in Waterloo, Iowa Crossroads Mall (Boulder), a former shopping mall in Boulder, Colorado… …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads Christian School — Address 2380 Fullerton Ave Corona, California, 92881, United States of America Information School type Preschool, Elementary, Middle School, High School, Home School Academ …   Wikipedia

  • Crossroads of the World — is also a nickname for Times Square in New York City. Crossroads of the World U.S. National Register of Historic Places …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»